2.1. Identifying funded projects in the Social Sciences and Humanities

To identify Social Science and Humanities research projects with Spanish participation under the 6th EU Framework Programme (FP6) (2002-2006), we obtained a list of all projects funded by FP6 from CORDIS - EU research projects under FP6 (2002-2006) website. This list included a total of 10,098 projects.

Three calls were identified as relevant for the Social Sciences and Humanities: “FP6-Citizens” (144 projects funded), “FP6-Policies” (519 projects) and “FP6-Society” (164 projects). The description (title, keywords and summary) of each of these 827 projects was then examined to identify projects related to the Social Sciences and Humanities. In case of doubt, we visited the project’s website, if available, to determine its disciplinary scope. We identified 275 projects, which corresponds to 2.7% of the total. Some of these projects are not exclusively in the Social Science or Humanities fields, but rather also include disciplines in Experimental Sciences, Engineering or Health Sciences.

Out of these 275 projects we selected those projects in which the coordinator or a participant or participants were from a Spanish organization, according to CORDIS. This resulted in a total of 107 projects.

The projects were manually classified into 20 major disciplines (the same project could belong to more than one discipline). This classification is an adaptation of the first hierarchical level of the UNESCO nomenclature for fields of science and technology, although we made some additions and minor changes.

To allocate the projects to the different disciplines, we first considered the explicit explanations included in the abstracts of some projects. In other cases, these explanations were inferred because, although the project did not explicitly name the discipline, it could be identified based on the methodological descriptions, scope, research institutions, and profiles, etc. Finally, in other projects the general description of the objectives made it possible to classify them, although sometimes we consulted the project results for confirmation.

In addition, we also identified the specific topic or topics that the projects addressed. This classification of projects into topics is independent of the discipline, since a specific topic can be studied from several fields. For example, the topic of “migration” can be studied according to its economic impact, and also in relation to the social response, law, political science, public administration, education, cultural and social anthropology, history, etc.

Finally, we then carried out a detailed analysis of the characteristics and bibliographic production of these 107 projects.

2.2. Retrieving the bibliographic production of the funded projects

We chose Scopus to identify the bibliographic production of the projects because it has a better coverage of the Social Sciences and Humanities than Web of Science (although, in both cases, journals in English are overrepresented to the detriment of other languages).

For each of the 107 projects with Spanish participation, a search was carried out based on the following equation:

With this equation we obtained the bibliographic records containing:

However, since project acronyms tend to be vague (e.g., “abstract”, “aim” or “analogy”), many searches retrieved a large number of irrelevant records. When the number of records retrieved in a search was greater than 25, an additional filter was added to the previous equation to force the presence of a reference to the funder in the funding field:

In these two searches, we only downloaded the bibliographic production of the projects with a maximum of 25 records. It should be taken into account that in some cases the search result generated several thousands of records, which are clearly impossible to analyse one by one, which is added to the lack of specificity already mentioned. Scopus affiliation fields often include elements that do not really correspond to funding, such as bibliographic references, probably because they contain terms related to funding (“funded”, etc.), and because Scopus automatically fills in these fields. This lack of quality control has already been reported in previous studies (Liu, 2020Liu, W. (2020). Accuracy of Funding Information in Scopus: a Comparative Case Study. Scientometrics, 124, 803-811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03458-w.).

Finally, the funding text of each downloaded record was reviewed to determine whether the article was actually relevant to the project in question or not.

This process resulted in 306 records corresponding to 49 projects, 45.8% of the total of 107 projects with Spanish participation.

The production sampling was therefore not random, but rather based on the results obtained in Scopus. For similar analysis of subsequent FPs, it will be possible to rely on OpenAIRE, that allows retrieving the outputs submitted by researchers, but this option is not available for FP6.

An important point to consider is that the data were collected in 2020, which is 14 years after the end of the programme. However, if the total of 275 projects of Social Sciences and Humanities is considered, there are some papers published in 2020 that still acknowledge funding from the FP6.

3.1. Description of Spanish FP6 projects

As we said before, we obtained a total of 107 projects with Spanish participation, which represents 38.9% of the total 275 FP6 projects related to the Social Sciences and Humanities. This places Spain in seventh position behind UK (73.1%), Germany (69.8%), Italy (52.3%), Netherlands (49.4%), France (48.0%) and Belgium (39.2%). As can be seen, Spain is below other countries with a smaller demographic volume. But the figure is higher than 22.9% of the total Spanish participation in the total of projects.

Of these 107 projects analysed, only six (5.6%) were coordinated by a Spanish institution. This is a lower figure than the set of FP6 projects (713 of 10,098, 7.1%). Such a low figure makes it impossible in many cases to separate the statistical data of the projects with coordination from the other, which are predominately coordinated by institutions in the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and France (table I).

By typology, among the projects with Spanish participation, citizen projects clearly predominate, followed by policies and next, although far behind, society (in the latter case without any Spanish coordination). On the whole, these figures are in line with the set of all FP6 projects related to the Social Sciences and Humanities (table II). However, in comparison, in the Spanish case there is a significant increase in the weight of citizen projects to the detriment of the other two calls.

The relationship between the number of participants in a project and its typology (citizens, policies or society) clearly shows that projects with a greater number of participants belong to the citizens category (figure 1). It is not until projects have 15 or fewer participants that the typological distribution becomes more balanced.

The duration of projects with Spanish participation ranges from 13 to 71 months (from 23 to 61 in the cases of Spanish coordination), with almost half of the total (46.7%) lasting between two and three years. The figures are very similar to the set of all FP6 projects related to the Social Sciences and Humanities. However, in the projects with Spanish participation the weight of long-term projects (four or more years) is greater. Table III shows these data and the dispersion of the few projects with Spanish coordination.

Regarding the total cost of the projects, it is worth noting that half of the Spanish projects (50.4%) have a total cost between half a million and 1.5 million euros. The costs of the rest of the projects have a relatively homogeneous distribution, although from 5 million euros the number of projects decreases considerably (table IV). As far as the projects coordinated from Spain, one of the Universitat de Barcelona had a budget of more than three million euros.

Here the differences with the results for all projects are more noticeable than in the previous cases. Therefore, 42.7% of all FP6 projects related to the Social Sciences and Humanities had funding of up to one million euros, while in the Spanish case this figure decreased to 32.7%.

The relationship between the funds with respect to the duration of the projects follows a logarithmic growth rate (Pearson coefficient = 0.734). With a few minor deviations, the longer the duration of the project, the greater the funding (figure 2).

The specific study topics represented in the projects with Spanish participation are very diverse. Up to 105 different topics were identified, of which only 11 have 5 or more projects in common (the same project can have more than one topic). The topics corresponding to the interests expressed in the EU research calls include topics such as governance (11), migration, tools for developing socio-economic policies (8), metrics and indicators (8), rural development (7), social cohesion (7), sustainable development (6), labour market (5), gender issues (5), political participation (5) and knowledge-based economy (5).

The results show (table V) that only nine disciplines have five or more projects, and that projects related to the Economy predominate over the total (21.7%). In the case of projects with Spanish coordination, only one discipline, Public Administration and Management, has five (out of six) projects.

In the total number of projects, the average participation per discipline is 16.2 institutions. Among the disciplines with five or more projects, History stands out with an average participation of 22 institutions.

The analysis of the countries involved in the projects with Spanish participation shows an average of 10 countries per project, which is higher than the average of 7.8 if all projects are considered. The main range is from 7 to 10 countries per project (figure 3).

The maximum number of countries participating in the same project is 26 and occurs in two cases (Wider Europe, deeper integration? “Constructing Europe” network, coordinated by the Universität zu Köln; and Creating links and innovative overviews for a new history research agenda for the citizens of a growing Europe, led by the University of Pisa). At the other extreme is the project European expert platform for measuring human feelings and emotions, coordinated by Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., with only two countries: Germany and Spain.

If we take into account the number of participations of each country (excluding Spain), we find that Germany and the United Kingdom predominate (table V).

The analysis of the number of institutions shows an average participation of 15.4 institutions per project, the most frequent number being 7 to 11 institutions per project (figure 4).

Like the average number of participating countries, the average number of institutions involved in projects with Spanish participation is significantly higher than that found for all FP6 projects related to the Social Sciences and Humanities (10.8 institutions). If we consider only the six projects led by Spanish institutions, the average collaboration is 12 institutions, with a maximum of 17 and a minimum of 9.

The institution that has participated in the largest number of projects is the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (17). The institutions that participate in ten or more projects are shown in Table VII. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona is the only Spanish institution in this list.

In the specific case of Spanish institutions, the analysis shows a total number of 67 organizations, 38 public (56.7%) and 29 private (43.3%). The results of this public/private categorization are quite balanced; however, this is not true when they are classified following the sectoral typologies established in the Frascati Manual (Frascati manual, 2002Frascati manual: proposed standard practice for surveys on research and experimental development (2002). OECD Publishing.).

As can be seen (table VIII), the prevalence of higher education institutions is overwhelming, whether public (28; 75.7%) or private (9; 24.3%). If these results are compared with those obtained by Ortega and Aguillo (2010)Ortega, J. L. & Aguillo, I. F. (2010). La participación española en los programas europeos: análisis estructural del área de salud del 6.º Programa Marco. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, 33(2), 287-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/redc.2010.2.741. for the FP6 area of Health, we observe that business participation is lower in the Social Sciences and Humanities field, although these figures can be explained by the greater presence of the private sector and the public administration in the field of Health.

To understand this lack of involvement from private companies, it is only necessary to consider the most frequent topics of projects with Spanish participation (Governance; Migration; Tools for preparing socio-economic policies; Metrics and indicators; Rural development, etc.) and verify that in most of these topics there is little possibility of short-term economic benefit.

In the different Autonomous Communities in Spain (table IX), there is a clear predominance of the institutions from Catalonia (23.9%) and Madrid (19.4%). The percentage (20.9%) of participants whose activity affects the whole country is also remarkable; following Ortega and Aguillo (2010)Ortega, J. L. & Aguillo, I. F. (2010). La participación española en los programas europeos: análisis estructural del área de salud del 6.º Programa Marco. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, 33(2), 287-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/redc.2010.2.741., we have categorized these institutions as nationwide.

The ranking of institutions with a minimum of five projects is led by the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (10), followed immediately by the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (9). However, the number of projects coordinated by the institutions in Table X is in fact very low, corresponding to 5.6% of the total shown in Table VI. Only the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, the Politécnica de Valencia and the Universitat de València actually coordinate a project, while the rest do not lead a project under any circumstances.

If we take into account the amount of funding received per project, we see that the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ranks first in both absolute and relative numbers in relation to the total funding of FP6 Social Science and Humanities projects with Spanish participation (16.28%). However, if the absolute amount is divided by the number of projects, we see that the projects of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid are the best funded, with an average of 5,353,262 euros.

Finally, with regard to collaboration with other institutions (Spanish or not), Table XI shows that the average number of participants per project is headed by the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, with almost 30 participants.

3.2. Relationship between FP6 projects and publications in Scopus

The second part of the analysis of the Social Sciences and Humanities projects with Spanish participation under the 6th EU Framework Programme (2002-2006) consists in describing the Spanish scientific production derived from the projects found in the Scopus database. As discussed in section 2.2, we used 306 records corresponding to 49 projects for this analysis.

In 45 of these 306 records, at least one researcher is Spanish (taking as a reference the affiliation “Spain”), which represents 14.7% of the total. That is, in the remaining 85.3% (261 records) none of the authors belong to a Spanish institution. All publications are written in English.

The 45 records are derived from 16 projects, that’s an average of 2.8 records per project (far from the 6.2 documents per project of the total analysed). The two projects with the most higher production have 9 records, followed by one with 7. In 6 projects there is only one record.

The Spanish author with more the most publications, signed in seven articles. Four authors were found to sign in four publications. In articles with some Spanish affiliation, the highest proportion of collaboration is found in articles signed by two authors (21 articles, 46.7%). Five articles had three authors (11.1%), five publications had four authors, and four articles had five or more authors (8.95%). On the other hand, there are ten articles with a single Spanish author, representing 22.2%.

Thus, the sample of publications shows that the behaviour of Spanish authors continues to fit into a traditional scheme of relatively low collaboration, despite the general context of an increase in research in Social Sciences disciplines (Ossenblok, Verleysen, Engels 2014Ossenblok, T. L. B., Verleysen, F. T., & Engels, T. C. E. (2014). Coauthorship of Journal Articles and Book Chapters in the Social Sciences and Humanities (2000-2010). Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(5), 882-897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23015.; Henriksen 2016Henriksen, D. (2016). The Rise in Co-Authorship in the Social Sciences (1980-2013). Scientometrics 107, 455-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-1849-x.; 2018Henriksen, D. (2018). What Factors are Associated with Increasing Co-Authorship in the Social Sciences? A Case Study of Danish Economics and Political Science. Scientometrics 114, 1395-1421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2635-0.; Robinson-Garcia, Amat 2018Robinson-Garcia, N., & Amat, C. B. (2018). ¿Tiene sentido limitar la coautoría científica? No existe inflación de autores en Ciencias Sociales y Educación en España. Revista Española de Documentación Científica, 41(2), a201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/redc.2018.2.1499.).

It is worth noting that the publications cover a variety and diversity of topics (table XII). Without absolutely predominating, the ranking is headed by publications on labour market (14.9%), followed by those on economics (12.8%) and fuels (10.6%). The general topics were extracted from the titles of the publications in the list published by Scopus in September 2021 (Titles on Scopus https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/scopus/how-scopus-works/content) and correspond to the ones that predominate in the projects (one publication can belong to more than one topic).

There is no clear correlation between the funding received by the project and its scientific production (figure 5) or between the duration of the project and the volume of publications (figure 6).

All the Spanish publications are articles and have been published in a total of 34 journals. Table XIII shows the thematic categorization of these 34 journals in Scopus (one journal can belong to more than one category):

The predominance of Social Sciences journals stands out, as would be expected considering the main themes of the publications presented above.